Iki minangka pandhuan langkah demi langkah kanggo nyetel Kubernetes ing Scaleway bare-metal ARM lan x86-64. Alesan utama aku nggarap proyek iki yaiku aku pengin ngotomatisasi nggawe lingkungan tes kanggo OpenFaaS lan Weave Net ing ARM. Aku nggoleki solusi sing murah kanggo nganakake tes integrasi lan sawise nyoba sawetara panyedhiya maya, aku wis mapan ing Scaleway. Scaleway minangka panyedhiya maya Prancis sing nawakake server bare-metal ARM lan x86-64 kanthi rega terjangkau. Nggunakake panyedhiya Terraform Scaleway bebarengan karo kubeadm sampeyan bisa duwe kluster Kubernetes kanthi fungsi sajrone sepuluh menit

 Persiyapan wiwitan
Kloning repositori lan instal dependensi:
$ git clone httpsgithub.com/stefanprodan/k8s-scw-baremetal.git $ cd k8s-scw-baremetal $ terraform init
Elinga yen sampeyan mbutuhake Terraform v0.10 utawa luwih anyar kanggo mbukak proyek iki

Sadurunge mbukak proyek sampeyan kudu nggawe token akses kanggo Terraform kanggo nyambung menyang Scaleway API. Nggunakake token lan kunci akses sampeyan, gawe rong variabel lingkungan:
$ekspor SCALEWAY_ORGANIZATIONACCESS-KEY>"$ekspor SCALEWAY_TOKENACCESS-TOKEN>"Panganggone
Gawe kluster Kubernetes bare-metal ARMv7 kanthi siji master lan rong simpul:
$ terraform workspace new arm $ terraform apply \ -var region=par1 \ -var arch=arm \ -var server_type=C1 \ -var nodes=2 \ -var weave_passwd=ChangeMe \ -var k8s_version=stable-1.9 \ -var docker_version =17.03.0~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial
Iki bakal nindakake ing ngisor iki:
- cadangan IP umum kanggo saben server
- pranata telung server bare-metal karo Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS
- nyambung menyang server master liwat SSH lan nginstal paket Docker CE lan kubeadm armhf apt
- mbukak kubeadm init ing server master lan ngatur kubectl
- ngundhuh file konfigurasi admin kubectl ing mesin lokal sampeyan lan ngganti IP pribadi karo IP umum
- nggawe rahasia Kubernetes nganggo sandi Weave Net
- nginstal Weave Net kanthi overlay sing dienkripsi
- nginstal add-on kluster (dasbor Kubernetes, server metrik lan Heapster)
- miwiti kelenjar buruh ing podo karo lan nginstal Docker CE lan kubeadm
- gabung karo kelenjar buruh ing kluster nggunakake token kubeadm sing dipikolehi saka master
Skala munggah kanthi nambah jumlah node:
$ terraform ditrapake -var nodes=3
Mbusak kabeh infrastruktur kanthi:
terraform-pasukan
Gawe kluster Kubernetes bare-metal AMD64 kanthi siji master lan simpul:
$ ruang kerja terraform amd64 anyar $ terraform ditrapake \ -var region=par1 \ -var arch=x86_64 \ -var server_type=C2S \ -var nodes=1 \ -var weave_passwd=ChangeMe \ -var k8s_version=stable-1.9 \ -var docker_version =17.03.0~ce-0~ubuntu-xenial
 Remot kontrol
Sawise ngetrapake rencana Terraform, sampeyan bakal weruh sawetara variabel output kaya IP umum master, perintah gabung kubeadmn lan konfigurasi admin ruang kerja saiki.

Supaya bisa mlaku
printah kubectl marang cluster Scaleway sampeyan bisa nggunakake
variabel output kubectl_config:
Priksa manawa Heapster bisa digunakake:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) top node NAMA CPU(inti) CPU% MEMORY(byte) MEMORY% arm-master-1 655m 16% 873Mi 45% arm-node-1 147m 3% 618Mi 32% arm-node- 2 101m 2% 584Mi 30%
Ing
format file konfigurasi kubectl yaiku
.conf as in
arm.conf or
amd64.conf

In order to access the dashboard you’ll need to find its cluster IP:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ -n kube-system get svc --selector=k8s-app=kubernetes-dashboard NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kubernetes-dashboard ClusterIP 10.107.37.220  80/TCP 6m
Open a SSH tunnel:
ssh -L 8888::80 [email protected]
Now you can access the dashboard on your computer at
httplocalhost:8888

 Expose services outside the cluster
Since we’re running on bare-metal and Scaleway doesn’t offer a load balancer, the easiest way to expose applications outside of Kubernetes is using a NodePort service

Let’s deploy the podinfo app in the default namespace. Podinfo has a multi-arch Docker image and it will work on arm, arm64 or amd64

Create the podinfo nodeport service:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ apply -f httpsraw.githubusercontent.com/stefanprodan/k8s-podinfo/master/deploy/auto-scaling/podinfo-svc-nodeport.yaml service "podinfo-nodeport" created
Create the podinfo deployment:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ apply -f httpsraw.githubusercontent.com/stefanprodan/k8s-podinfo/master/deploy/auto-scaling/podinfo-dep.yaml deployment "podinfo" created
Inspect the podinfo service to obtain the port number:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ get svc --selector=app=podinfo NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE podinfo-nodeport NodePort 10.104.132.14  9898:31190/TCP 3m
You can access podinfo at
httpMASTER_PUBLIC_IP>:31190 or using curl:

$ curl httpterraform output k8s_master_public_ip):31190 runtime: arch: arm max_procs: "4" num_cpu: "4" num_goroutine: "12" os: linux version: go1.9.2 labels: app: podinfo pod-template-hash: "1847780700" annotations: kubernetes.io/config.seen: 2018-01-08T00:39:45.580597397Z kubernetes.io/config.source: api environment: HOME: /root HOSTNAME: podinfo-5d8ccd4c44-zrczc KUBERNETES_PORT: tcp10.96.0.1:443 KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP: tcp10.96.0.1:443 KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR: 10.96.0.1 KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT: "443" KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO: tcp KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST: 10.96.0.1 KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT: "443" KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS: "443" PATH: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin externalIP: IPv4: 163.172.139.112
 OpenFaaS
You can deploy OpenFaaS on Kubernetes with Helm or by using the YAML files form the faas-netes repository

Clone the faas-netes repo:
git clone httpsgithub.com/openfaas/faas-netes cd faas-netes
Deploy OpenFaaS for ARM:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ apply -f ./namespaces.ymlyaml_armhf
Deploy OpenFaaS for AMD64:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ apply -f ./namespaces.ymlyaml
You can access the OpenFaaS gateway at
httpMASTER_PUBLIC_IP>:31112

 Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
Starting from Kubernetes 1.9
kube-controller-manager is configured by default with
horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients

In order to use HPA we need to install the metrics server to enable the new metrics API used by HPA v2

Both Heapster and the metrics server have been deployed from Terraform
when the master node was provisioned

The metric server collects resource usage data from each node using Kubelet Summary API. Check if the metrics server is running:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ get --raw "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes" | jq
{ "kind": "NodeMetricsList", "apiVersion": "metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1", "metadata": { "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes" }, "items": [ { "metadata": { "name": "arm-master-1", "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/arm-master-1", "creationTimestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:09Z" }, "timestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:00Z", "window": "1m0s", "usage": { "cpu": "384m", "memory": "935792Ki" } }, { "metadata": { "name": "arm-node-1", "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/arm-node-1", "creationTimestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:09Z" }, "timestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:00Z", "window": "1m0s", "usage": { "cpu": "130m", "memory": "649020Ki" } }, { "metadata": { "name": "arm-node-2", "selfLink": "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes/arm-node-2", "creationTimestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:09Z" }, "timestamp": "2018-01-08T15:17:00Z", "window": "1m0s", "usage": { "cpu": "120m", "memory": "614180Ki" } } ] }
Let’s define a HPA that will maintain a minimum of two replicas and will scale up to ten if the CPU average is over 80% or if the memory goes over 200Mi

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta1 kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler metadata: name: podinfo spec: scaleTargetRef: apiVersion: apps/v1beta1 kind: Deployment name: podinfo minReplicas: 2 maxReplicas: 10 metrics: - type: Resource resource: name: cpu targetAverageUtilization: 80 - type: Resource resource: name: memory targetAverageValue: 200Mi

Apply the podinfo HPA:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) \ apply -f httpsraw.githubusercontent.com/stefanprodan/k8s-podinfo/master/deploy/auto-scaling/podinfo-hpa.yaml horizontalpodautoscaler "podinfo" created
After a couple of seconds the HPA controller will contact the metrics server and will fetch the CPU and memory usage:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) get hpa NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE podinfo Deployment/podinfo 2826240 / 200Mi, 15% / 80% 2 10 2 5m
In order to increase the CPU usage we could run a load test with hey:
#install hey go get -u github.com/rakyll/hey #do 10K requests rate limited at 20 QPS hey -n 10000 -q 10 -c 5 httpterraform output k8s_master_public_ip):31190
You can monitor the autoscaler events with:
$ kubectl --kubeconfig terraform output kubectl_config) describe hpa Events: Type Reason Age From MessageNormal SuccessfulRescale 7m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 4; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target Normal SuccessfulRescale 3m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 8; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target
After the load tests finishes the autoscaler will remove replicas until the deployment reaches the initial replica count:
Events: Type Reason Age From MessageNormal SuccessfulRescale 20m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 4; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target Normal SuccessfulRescale 16m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 8; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target Normal SuccessfulRescale 12m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 10; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target Normal SuccessfulRescale 6m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 2; reason: All metrics below target
 Conclusions
Thanks to kubeadm and Terraform, bootstrapping a Kubernetes cluster on bare-metal can be done with a single command and it takes just ten minutes to have a fully functional setup. If you have any suggestion on improving this guide please submit an issue or PR on GitHub at stefanprodan/k8s-scw-baremetal. Contributions are more than welcome!