*Ufuna ukuqalisa ku-Linux? Thuthukisa ulwazi oluhle lokusebenza lwe-Linux usebenzisa kokubili isixhumi esibonakalayo esibonakalayo kanye nomugqa womyalo kuyo yonke imindeni emikhulu yokusabalalisa i-Linux ngesifundo se-inthanethi se-The Linux Foundation's Intro to Linux. Bhalisa mahhala lapha. (Este curso también está disponible in español. Chofoza lapha ukuze uthole Isingeniso se-Linux
Kusukela kuma-smartphones kuya ezimotweni, ama-supercomputers nezinto zikagesi zasendlini, amadeskithophu asekhaya kuya kumaseva ebhizinisi, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Linux ikhona yonke indawo.
I-Linux ibikhona kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990s futhi selokhu yafinyelela kusisekelo sabasebenzisi esihlanganisa umhlaba wonke. I-Linux ikhona yonke indawo: Isemafonini akho, kuma-thermostat akho, ezimotweni zakho, eziqandisini, kumadivayisi e-Roku, nomabonakude. Futhi isebenzisa i-inthanethi eningi, wonke amakhompiyutha aphambili emhlabeni angu-500, kanye nokuhwebelana kwesitoko emhlabeni.
Kodwa ngaphandle kokuba inkundla yokuzikhethela ukusebenzisa amadeskithophu, amaseva, nezinhlelo ezishumekiwe emhlabeni wonke, iLinux ingenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinokwethenjelwa, ezivikelekile nezingenazinkathazo ezitholakalayo.
Nali lonke ulwazi oludingayo ukuze usheshe ku-platform ye-Linux
## Yini i-Linux?
Njenge-Windows, iOS, ne-Mac OS, i-Linux iyisistimu yokusebenza. Eqinisweni, enye yamapulatifomu aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, i-Android, inikwa amandla uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Linux. Uhlelo lokusebenza isofthiwe elawula zonke izinsiza zehadiwe ezihlotshaniswa nedeskithophu yakho noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo. Ukukubeka kalula, isistimu yokusebenza ilawula ukuxhumana phakathi kwesoftware yakho nehardware yakho. Ngaphandle kwesistimu yokusebenza (OS), isofthiwe ngeke isebenze
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-Linux luqukethe izingcezu eziningana ezahlukene:
I-Bootloader -Isofthiwe elawula inqubo yokuqalisa ikhompyutha yakho. Kubasebenzisi abaningi, lokhu kuzomane kube isikrini se-splash esivelayo futhi ekugcineni sihambe siqale kusistimu yokusebenza. I-Kernel -Le yingxenye eyodwa yayo yonke ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-Linux'. I-kernel iwumgogodla wohlelo futhi ilawula i-CPU, inkumbulo, namadivayisi ahambisana nomngcele. I-kernel izinga eliphansi kakhulu le-OS. I-Init system -Lena i-sub-system eqalisa isikhala somsebenzisi futhi ikhokhiswa ngokulawula ama-daemon. Enye yezinhlelo ze-init ezisetshenziswa kakhulu i-systemd, nayo eyenzeka njengenye yezingxabano kakhulu. Iwuhlelo lwe-init olulawula inqubo yokuqalisa, lapho ukubhutha kokuqala sekudluliselwe ku-bootloader (okungukuthi, i-GRUB noma i-GRand Unified Bootloader). Ama-Daemons -Lawa amasevisi angemuva (ukuphrinta, umsindo, ukuhlela, njll.) okungenzeka aqale ngesikhathi sokuqalisa noma ngemva kokungena kudeskithophu. Iseva yezithombe -Lolu uhlelo olungaphansi olubonisa ihluzo kumonitha yakho. Ijwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi iseva ye-X noma nje imvelo ye-X. Ideskithophu -Lena ucezu abasebenzisi abahlanganyela nalo. Kunezindawo eziningi zedeskithophu ongakhetha kuzo (i-GNOME, Cinnamon, Mate, Pantheon, Enlightenment, KDE, Xfce, njll Indawo ngayinye yedeskithophu ihlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezakhelwe ngaphakathi (njengabaphathi bamafayela, amathuluzi okumisa, iziphequluli zewebhu, nemidlalo). Izindawo zedeskithophu azinikezi uxhaxha oluphelele lwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Njenge-Windows ne-macOS, i-Linux inikeza izinkulungwane ngezinkulungwane zezihloko zesofthiwe zekhwalithi ephezulu ezingatholakala kalula futhi zifakwe. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-Linux yesimanje (okuningi kulokhu ngezansi) kufaka phakathi i-App Store- njengamathuluzi ahlanganisa futhi enze ukufakwa kohlelo kube lula.Isibonelo, Ubuntu Linux ine-Ubuntu Software Center (uhlobo kabusha lwe-GNOME Software) ekuvumela ukuthi useshe ngokushesha phakathi kwezinkulungwane zezinhlelo zokusebenza futhi uzifake endaweni eyodwa.
## Kungani usebenzise i-Linux?
Lona umbuzo owodwa abantu abaningi abawubuzayo. Kungani uzihlupha ngokufunda indawo yekhompuyutha ehluke ngokuphelele, lapho isistimu yokusebenza ethunyelwa ngamakhompiyutha amaningi, amalaptop, namaseva isebenza kahle?
Ukuze ngiphendule lowo mbuzo, ngizobuza omunye umbuzo. Ingabe lelo sistimu yokusebenza oyisebenzisayo njengamanje lisebenza “kahle nje”? Noma, ingabe uzithola ulwa nezithiyo ezifana namagciwane, uhlelo olungayilungele ikhompuyutha, ukwehla kancane, ukuphahlazeka, ukulungiswa okumba eqolo, nezinkokhelo zamalayisense?
Uma ulwa nalokhu okungenhla, i-Linux ingase ibe inkundla ephelele kuwe. I-Linux isiguquke yaba enye yezinhlelo zekhompiyutha ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Hlanganisa lokho kwethembeka nezindleko zokungena futhi unesixazululo esiphelele senkundla yedeskithophu
Kulungile, izindleko zokungena… njengamahhala. Ungakwazi ukufaka i-Linux kumakhompyutha amaningi ngendlela othanda ngayo ngaphandle kokukhokha isenti lesofthiwe noma ilayisensi yeseva
Ake sibheke izindleko zeseva ye-Linux uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Windows Server 2016. Intengo ye-Windows Server 2016 Standard edition ingu-$882.00 USD (ithengwe ngokuqondile ku-Microsoft). Lokho akubandakanyi Ilayisense Yokufinyelela Kwekhasimende (ama-CAL) namalayisense wenye isofthiwe ongase udinge ukuyisebenzisa (njengesizindalwazi, iseva yewebhu, iseva yemeyili, njll. Isibonelo, umsebenzisi oyedwa i-CAL, ye-Windows Server 2016, ibiza u-$38.00 . Uma udinga ukungeza abasebenzisi abayi-10, isibonelo, lokho kungu-$388.00 ngaphezulu amadola ukuze uthole ilayisense yesofthiwe yeseva. Ngeseva ye-Linux, kumahhala futhi kulula ukukufaka. Eqinisweni, ukufaka iseva yewebhu egcwele ngokugcwele (okuhlanganisa iseva yesizindalwazi ), kusele ngokuchofoza nje okumbalwa noma imiyalo (bheka Ukufakwa Kweseva ye-Easy LAMP ukuze uthole umbono wokuthi kungaba lula kangakanani)
Uma indleko enguziro inganele ukukunqoba–kuthiwani ngokuba nesistimu yokusebenza ezosebenza, engenazinkinga, inqobo nje uma uyisebenzisa? Ngisebenzise i-Linux cishe iminyaka engama-20 (njengenkundla yedeskithophu neseva) futhi angizange ngibe nezinkinga nge-ransomware, i-malware, noma amagciwane. I-Linux ngokuvamile ayinabungozi kangako ekuhlaselweni okunjalo. Ngokuqondene nokuqaliswa kabusha kweseva, kudingekile kuphela uma i-kernel ibuyekeziwe. Akukona okwejwayelekile ukuthi iseva ye-Linux ihambe iminyaka ngaphandle kokuqaliswa kabusha. Uma ulandela izibuyekezo ezinconyiwe ezijwayelekile, ukuzinza nokwethembeka kuqinisekiswa
## Umthombo ovulekile
I-Linux futhi isatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwelayisensi yomthombo ovulekile. Umthombo ovulekile ulandela lezi zimiso ezibalulekile:
- Inkululeko yokusebenzisa uhlelo, nganoma iyiphi injongo
- Inkululeko yokufunda ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kanjani, futhi uluguqule ukuze lenze lokho okufisayo
- Inkululeko yokusabalalisa kabusha amakhophi ukuze usize umakhelwane wakho
- Inkululeko yokusabalalisa amakhophi ezinguqulo zakho ezilungisiwe kwabanye
Lawa maphuzu abalulekile ekuqondeni umphakathi osebenza ndawonye ukuze wakhe inkundla ye-Linux. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, i-Linux iwuhlelo olusebenzayo “olwabantu, olwabantu”. Lezi zimiso nazo ziyisici esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani abantu abaningi bekhetha i-Linux. Imayelana nenkululeko nenkululeko yokusebenzisa kanye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela
## Kuyini “ukusabalalisa?”
I-Linux inenani lezinguqulo ezihlukene ezifanelana nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzisi. Kusukela kubasebenzisi abasha kuya kubasebenzisi abaqinile, uzothola "ukunambitheka"kwe-Linux ukufanisa izidingo zakho. Lezi zinguqulo zibizwa ngokuthi ukusabalalisa (noma, ngendlela emfushane, "distros Cishe konke ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux kungalandwa mahhala, kushiswe kudiski (noma i-USB thumb drive), futhi kufakwe (emishinini eminingi ngokuthanda kwakho)
Ukusabalalisa kwe-Linux okudumile kufaka:
- I-LINUX MINT
- MANJARO
- DEBIAN
-UBUNTU
- ANTERGOS
- SOLUSI
- I-FEDORA
- ELEMENTARY OS
- OPENSUSE
Ukusabalalisa ngakunye kunokuthatha okuhlukile kudeskithophu. Abanye bakhetha ukusebenzisana kwesimanjemanje (okufana ne-GNOME ne-Elementary OS's Pantheon), kanti abanye banamathela ngendawo yedeskithophu yendabuko (i-openSUSE isebenzisa i-KDE)
Ungahlola ukusabalalisa okuphezulu kwe-100 ku-Distrowatch
Futhi ungacabangi ukuthi iseva ishiywe ngemuva. Kule nkundla, ungaphendukela kokuthi:
- I-Red Hat Enterprise Linux
-Ubuntu Server
- Centos
- I-SUSE Enterprise Linux
Okunye kokusatshalaliswa kweseva okungenhla kumahhala (okufana ne-Ubuntu Server ne-CentOS) kanti okunye kunentengo ehambisanayo (njengeRed Hat Enterprise Linux kanye ne-SUSE Enterprise Linux). Lawo anenani elihlobene nawo afaka usekelo
## Yikuphi ukusatshalaliswa okulungile kuwe?
Ikuphi ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzisayo kuzoncika empendulweni yemibuzo emithathu elula:
- Unekhono elingakanani kumsebenzisi wekhompyutha?
- Ingabe ukhetha i-interface yesimanje noma ejwayelekile yedeskithophu?
- Iseva noma ideskithophu?
Uma amakhono akho ekhompiyutha eyisisekelo, uzofuna ukunamathela ekusabalaliseni okuvumelana ne-newbie okufana ne-Linux Mint, Ubuntu (Figure 3), Elementary OS noma i-Deepin. Uma isethi yakho yamakhono ifinyelela ebangeni elimaphakathi elingenhla, ungahamba nokusabalalisa okufana ne-Debian noma i-Fedora. Uma, nokho, ubazi kahle kakhulu ubuciko bekhompiyutha nohlelo lokuphatha, sebenzisa ukusabalalisa okufana neGentoo. Uma ufuna ngempela inselele, ungazakhela okwakho ukusatshalaliswa kweLinux, ngosizo lwe-Linux From Scratch
Uma ufuna ukusatshalaliswa kweseva kuphela, uzophinde ufune ukunquma ukuthi udinga isixhumi esibonakalayo sedeskithophu, noma uma ufuna ukwenza lokhu ngomugqa womyalo kuphela. I-Ubuntu Server ayifaki isixhumi esibonakalayo se-GUI. Lokhu kusho izinto ezimbili iseva yakho ngeke iboshelwe ukulayisha ihluzo futhi uzodinga ukuqonda okuqinile komugqa womyalo we-Linux. Kodwa-ke, ungafaka iphakethe le-GUI phezu kwe-Ubuntu Server ngomyalo owodwa ofana ne-sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop. Abalawuli besistimu bazophinde bafune ukubuka ukusabalalisa ngokuphathelene nezici. Ingabe ufuna ukusabalalisa okuqondene neseva okuzokunikeza, ngaphandle kwebhokisi, konke okudingayo kuseva yakho? Uma kunjalo, i-CentOS ingaba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Noma, ingabe ufuna ukuthatha ukusatshalaliswa kwedeskithophu bese wengeza izingcezu njengoba uzidinga? Uma kunjalo, i-Debian noma Ubuntu Linux ingase ikusebenzele kahle ## Ifaka i-Linux Kubantu abaningi, umqondo wokufaka isistimu yokusebenza ungase ubonakale uwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Uyakholwa noma ungakholwa, iLinux inikeza ukufakwa okulula kwawo wonke amasistimu wokusebenza. Eqinisweni, izinguqulo eziningi ze-Linux zinikeza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Live distribution, okusho ukuthi usebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza kusuka ku-CD/DVD noma i-USB flash drive ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko ku-hard drive yakho. Uthola ukusebenza okugcwele ngaphandle kokuthi ufake i-toto. Uma usuyizamile, futhi unqume ukuthi ufuna ukuyisebenzisa, uvele uchofoze kabili isithonjana "Faka"bese uhamba ngewizadi yokufaka elula. Imvamisa, izilekeleli zokufaka zihamba nawe kule nqubo ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo (Sizofanekisa ukufakwa kwe-Ubuntu Linux): - Ukulungiselela: Qiniseka ukuthi umshini wakho uhlangabezana nezidingo zokufakwa. Lokhu kungase futhi kukubuze ukuthi uyafuna yini ukufaka isofthiwe yenkampani yangaphandle (njengama-plugin okudlalwa kabusha kwe-MP3, amakhodekhi evidiyo, nokuningi) - Ukusetha okungenantambo (uma kunesidingo): Uma usebenzisa ikhompuyutha ephathekayo (noma umshini ongenantambo), uzodinga ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi, ukuze ulande isofthiwe yomuntu wesithathu kanye nezibuyekezo. - Ukwabiwa kwe-Hard drive (Umfanekiso 4): Lesi sinyathelo sikuvumela ukuthi ukhethe ukuthi ufuna ukufakwa kwesistimu yokusebenza. Ingabe uzofaka i-Linux eceleni kolunye uhlelo lokusebenza (olubizwa ngokuthi “i-double booting sebenzisa i-hard drive yonke, thuthukisa ukufakwa kwe-Linux ekhona, noma faka phezu kwenguqulo ekhona ye-Linux - Indawo: Khetha indawo yakho kumephu - Isakhiwo sekhibhodi: Khetha ikhibhodi yesistimu yakho - Ukusethwa komsebenzisi: Setha igama lakho lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi Yilokho kuphela. Uma isistimu isiqedile ukufaka, qalisa kabusha futhi usulungele ukuhamba. Ukuze uthole umhlahlandlela ojulile wokufaka i-Linux, bheka "Indlela Yokufaka Nokuzama I-Linux Indlela Elula Kakhulu Nephephe Kakhulu"noma landa inkomba ye-PDF ye-Linux Foundation yokufaka i-Linux. ## Ifaka isofthiwe ku-Linux Njengoba isistimu yokusebenza ngokwayo kulula ukuyifaka, kunjalo nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukusabalalisa okuningi kwe-Linux yesimanje kufaka phakathi lokho abaningi abangakubheka njengesitolo sohlelo lokusebenza. Lena indawo emaphakathi lapho isofthiwe ingaseshwa futhi ifakwe. Ubuntu Linux (nokunye ukusatshalaliswa okuningi) kuncike kwi-GNOME Software, i-Elementary OS ine-AppCenter, i-Deepin ine-Deepin Software Center, i-openSUSE ine-AppStore yayo, kanti okunye ukusatshalaliswa kuncike ku-Synaptic. Ngaphandle kwegama, ngalinye lalawa mathuluzi lenza into efanayo: indawo emaphakathi ukucinga nokufaka isofthiwe ye-Linux. Vele, lezi zingcezu zesoftware zincike ebukhoneni be-GUI. Kumaseva angaphansi kwe-GUI, kuzodingeka uncike kusixhumi esibonakalayo somugqa womyalo ukuze ufakwe Ake sibheke amathuluzi amabili ahlukene ukukhombisa ukuthi ukufakwa komugqa womyalo kungaba lula kangakanani. Izibonelo zethu ngezokusabalalisa okusekelwe ku-Debian kanye nokusabalalisa okusekelwe ku-Fedora. I-Debian-based distros izosebenzisa ithuluzi le-apt-get ukufaka isofthiwe futhi i-Fedora-based distros izodinga ukusetshenziswa kwethuluzi le-yum. Zombili zisebenza ngokufana kakhulu.Sizofanekisa sisebenzisa umyalo we-apt-get.Ake sithi ufuna ukufaka ithuluzi le-wget (okuyithuluzi eliwusizo elisetshenziselwa ukulanda amafayela emugqeni womyalo).Ukuze ufake lokhu usebenzisa i-apt-get, umyalo ungathanda lokhu:sudo apt-get install wgetUmyalo we-sudo ungeziwe ngoba udinga amalungelo amakhulu omsebenzisi ukuze faka isofthiwe.Ngokufanayo, ukufaka isofthiwe efanayo ekusabalaliseni okusekelwe ku-Fedora, uzoqale uvumelane nomsebenzisi omkhulu (ngokoqobo ukhiphe umyalo su bese ufaka impande yephasiwedi), bese ukhipha lo myalo:yum install wgetYilokho kuphela okukhona ekufakeni isofthiwe emshinini we-Linux.Ayicishe ibe inselele njengoba ungase ucabange.Usangabaza?Khumbula Ukufakwa Kweseva Yesibani Esilula kusukela ekuqaleni.Ngomyalo owodwa:sudo taskelUngakwazi ukufaka iseva ephelele ye-LAMP (Linux Apache MySQL PHP) kuseva noma ukusatshalaliswa kwedeskithophu.Kulula kanjalo## Izinsiza ezengeziweUma ufuna enye yezinkundla ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu, ezivikelekile, nezithembekile zazo zombili ideskithophu kanye nesiphakeli, ungabheki okungaphezulu kokukodwa kokusatshalaliswa kweLinux okuningi.Nge-Linux ungaqinisekisa ukuthi amadeskithophu akho ngeke abe nezinkinga, amaseva akho akhuphuke, futhi izicelo zakho zokwesekwa zincane kakhuluUkuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe oluzokusiza ukukuqondisa phakathi nokuphila kwakho nge-Linux, hlola izinsiza ezilandelayo:- Linux.com: Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-Linux (izindaba, okokufundisa nokunye)- I-Howtoforge: Izifundo ze-Linux- Iphrojekthi Yombhalo we-Linux: Kwenziwa kanjani, imihlahlandlela, kanye nemibuzo evame ukubuzwa- Isisekelo Solwazi se-Linux Nokufundisa: Inqwaba yezifundo neziqondiso ezijulile- LWN.net: Izindaba ze-Linux kernel nokunye
